Understand the acceptable variations within the normal ECG of healthy adults.

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Recognise the expected patterns of an ECG from a healthy child from birth onwards and identify abnormalities.

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Interpret abnormal ECG patterns in adults.

Diagnose arrhythmias as an underlying cause of palpitations and syncope. Exploring sinus rhythm, extrasystoles, paroxysmal tachycardia and the importance of a physical examination.

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Identifying syncopal episodes attributable to cardiovascular disease as opposed to arrhythmias.

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Recognise ECG markers for tachycardias, bradycardias, pre-excitation syndromes, bi-fascicular block, and first-degree block with bundle branch block.

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Differentiate between supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles and be able to diagnose broad complex tachycardias, ventricular flutter and fibrillation, sick sinus syndrome, and Stokes-Adams attacks.

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Recognise and identify symptoms associated with the causes of acute or chronic chest pain in patients who present with myocardial infarction (heart attack), pulmonary embolism, significant central pulmonary embolism, pericarditis, aortic dissection, oesophageal rupture, spinal disorders, vertebral collapse, posterior infarction, and angina.

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Recognise symptoms indicative of conditions such as pulmonary oedema, chest diseases, and pulmonary congestion.